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<title>Adapter (computing)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adapter (computing)</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general concept of an adapter. For the programming design pattern, see <a href="Adapter_pattern" title="Adapter pattern">Adapter pattern</a>.</div>

<p>An <b>adapter</b> in regard to <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> can be either a <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> component (device) or <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> that allows two or more incompatible devices to be linked together for the purpose of transmitting and receiving <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hargraves_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hargraves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given an input, an adapter alters it in order to provide a compatible connection between the components of a system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both software and hardware adapters are used in many different devices such as <a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> networks for a wide range of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-eedict_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eedict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some adapters are built into devices, while the others can be installed on a computer's motherboard or connected as external devices.

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<p>A <a href="Software_component" title="Software component">software component</a> adapter is a type of software that is logically located between two software components and reconciles the differences between them.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3></div>

<p>Like many industries, the <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> industry needs electrical devices such as adapters to transfer data across long distances. For example, <a href="Analog_telephone_adapter" title="Analog telephone adapter">analog telephone adapters</a> (ATA) are used by telephone and cable companies. This device connects an analog <a href="Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> to a computer or network by connecting them to digital communication lines, which enables users to make a call via the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-compdict_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compdict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</h3></div>

<p>In modern <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, almost every <a href="Peripheral_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral device">peripheral device</a> uses an adapter to communicate with a <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">system bus</a>, for example:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Display_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Display adapter">Display adapters</a> used to transmit signals to a <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB) adapters for <a href="Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>, <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a> and <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mice</a>, among others</li>

<li><a href="Network_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Network adapter">Network adapters</a> used to connect a computer to a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a></li>

<li><a href="Host_bus_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host bus adapter">Host bus adapters</a> used to connect <a href="Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disks</a> or other storage</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_and_digital_signals">Analog and digital signals</h3></div>

<p>Some hardware adapters convert between <a href="Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> and <a href="Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital</a> signals with <a href="Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">A/D</a> or <a href="Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">D/A</a> converters. This allows adapters to interface with a broader range of devices. One common example of signal conversion is the <a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>, which converts <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> signals from a computer to analog signals for input to an <a href="Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_adapter">Host adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">Host adapter</a></div>

<p>A <b>host adapter</b>, <b>host controller</b> or <b>host bus adapter (HBA)</b> is a circuit board or device which allows peripheral devices (usually internal) to interface with a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eedict_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eedict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Host bus adapters are used to connect hard drives, networks, and USB peripherals. They are commonly integrated into <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboards</a> but can also take the form of an <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taoe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapter_card">Adapter card</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></div>

<p>An <b>adapter card</b> or <b>expansion card</b> is a circuit board which is plugged into the expansion bus in a computer to add function or resources, in much the same way as a host bus adapter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">

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</style>.<sup id="cite_ref-eedict_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eedict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hargraves_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hargraves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common adapter cards include <a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video cards</a>, <a href="Network_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network card">network cards</a>, <a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>, and other I/O cards.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_adapter">Video adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Video card</a></div>

<p>A <b>video adapter</b> (also known as <i>graphics adapter</i>, <i>display adapter</i>, <i>graphics card</i>, or <i>video card</i>) is a type of <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a> for computers which converts data and generates the electrical signal to display text and graphics on a <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_master_adapter">Bus master adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></div>

<p><b>Bus master adapters</b> fit in EISA or MCA expansion slots in computers, and use <a href="Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">bus mastering</a> to quickly transfer data by bypassing the <a href="CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> and interfacing directly with other devices.<sup id="cite_ref-eedict_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eedict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-compdict_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compdict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_purpose_interface_adapter">General purpose interface adapter</h3></div>

<p>A <b>general purpose interface adapter</b> or <b>GPIA</b> is usually used as an interface between a processing unit and a GPIB (<a href="IEEE_488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 488">IEEE 488</a>) bus.<sup id="cite_ref-compdict_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compdict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fax_adapter">Fax adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></div>

<p>A <b>fax adapter</b>, also called a <i>fax card</i> or <i>fax board</i>, is an internal <a href="Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">fax modem</a> which allows a computer to transmit and receive fax data.<sup id="cite_ref-compdict_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compdict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_adapter">Network adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></div>

<p><b>Network adapters</b> connect a device to a network and enable it to exchange data with other devices on the network. These devices may be computers, servers, or any other networking device.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Network adapter</i> usually refers to a piece of computer hardware typically in the form of an <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> card, wireless network card, USB network adapter, or wireless game adapter. Hardware network adapters which are either wired or wireless can be installed on a motherboard, connecting the computer to a network..<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term can also refer to a <i>virtual</i> network adapter which exists only in software, either for the purposes of <a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a>, or to interface with some other physical adapter<sup id="cite_ref-hargraves_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hargraves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_adapter">Terminal adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Terminal_adapter" title="Terminal adapter">Terminal adapter</a></div>

<p>In <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a>, a <b>terminal adapter</b> or <b>TA</b> acts as an interface between a terminal device, such as a computer or telephone, and a communications network (typically an <a href="ISDN" title="ISDN">integrated services digital network</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel-to-channel_adapter">Channel-to-channel adapter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Channel-to-channel_adapter" title="Channel-to-channel adapter">Channel-to-channel adapter</a></div>

<p>A <b>channel-to-channel adapter</b> (CTCA) connects two input/output <a href="Channel_I/O" title="Channel I/O">channels</a> in <a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_adapters">Resource adapters</h3></div>

<p>Resource adapters are used to retrieve and route data.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They provide access to databases, files, messaging systems, enterprise applications and other data

sources and targets. Each adapter includes a set of adapter commands that can be used to customize its operation. Adapter commands specify different queues and queue managers, specific messages by message ID, specific sets of messages with the same message ID, message descriptors in the data, and more.

</p><p>The resource adapters provided with many integration products enable data transformation and adapter-specific behavior recognition on different systems and data structures.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Computer port (hardware)</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Controller (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">Electrical connector</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/functional_characteristics/A22-6884-3_360-65_funcChar.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Model 65 Functional Characteristics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. 1968. p. 10. A22-6884-3.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://javaee.github.io/tutorial/resources001.html">"What Is a Resource Adapter?"</a>. <i>javaee.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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